The objective of this study is to analyse the main characteristics of informal community formations that are typical in rural societies in Hungary. The social structure of rural areas located away from urban centres has changed enormously in recent decades due to new economic and social conditions as well as migration trends, leading to new conditions for the organisation of local communities.Following a concise conceptual overview, this study examines this process and highlights the most significant factors determining rural community formation based on relevant Hungarian literature. This literature review suggests that a prominent feature of rural regions is the current increasing polarisation: the separation of areas favoured by higher-status newcomers from generally disadvantaged regions. The second part of the study – with limitations – illustrates the differences in community formations and informal forms of cooperation in the local society using data collected in small settlements in Baranya County, distinguishing between the villages of the Geresdi Hills, which are characterised by positive migration trends, and the marginalised small settlements of the Ormánság region. In addition, recent interviews conducted with key figures in the villages have provided valuable insights into the situation of the local society and the characteristics of community life. From these examples, it can be concluded that under similar economic and geographical conditions, the composition and organisation of the local community often determines the direction of development of a small settlement and the quality of life of its inhabitants. Different local needs and problems result in different types of social patterns and community formations. In addition to the disappearance of traditional forms of community cooperation, the influence of urban ideas and perceptions on the countryside can be observed in rural societies, and collaborative forms exhibit the characteristics of traditional communities, enriched with new goals. Informal initiatives in Hungary are often driven by key players holding official positions in the community, while formal organisations can be effective if they are built on active informal networks.

Keywords: small settlements in Baranya county, informal community, local society, social transformation, rural Hungary